• Atlantis Bahamas Address

.Atlantis (: Ἀτλαντὶς νῆσος, 'island of ') is a island mentioned within an on the of nations in 's works and, where it represents the naval power that besieges 'Ancient Athens', the embodiment of Plato's ideal state in. In the story, Athens repels the Atlantean attack unlike any other nation of the, supposedly giving testament to the superiority of Plato's concept of a state. The story concludes with Atlantis falling out of favor with the deities and submerging into the.Despite its minor importance in Plato's work, the Atlantis story has had a considerable impact on literature.

The allegorical aspect of Atlantis was taken up in works of several writers, such as 's and 's. On the other hand, nineteenth-century amateur scholars misinterpreted Plato's narrative as historical tradition, most notably in 's. Plato's vague indications of the time of the events—more than 9,000 years before his time —and the alleged location of Atlantis—'beyond the '—has led to much speculation. As a consequence, Atlantis has become a byword for any and all supposed advanced prehistoric and continues to inspire contemporary fiction, from comic books to films.While present-day and agree on the story's fictional character, there is still debate on what served as its inspiration. As for instance with the, Plato is known to have freely borrowed some of his allegories and metaphors from older traditions.

This led a number of scholars to investigate possible inspiration of Atlantis from records of the, the invasion, or the. Others have rejected this chain of tradition as implausible and insist that Plato created an entirely fictional nation as his example, drawing loose inspiration from contemporary events such as the failed in 415–413 BC or the destruction of in 373 BC. Main article:The only primary sources for Atlantis are Plato's dialogues Timaeus and Critias; all other mentions of the island are based on them.

The dialogues claim to quote, who visited Egypt between 590 and 580 BC; they state that he translated Egyptian records of Atlantis. Written in 360 BC, Plato introduced Atlantis in Timaeus:For it is related in our records how once upon a time your State stayed the course of a mighty host, which, starting from a distant point in the Atlantic ocean, was insolently advancing to attack the whole of Europe, and Asia to boot. For the ocean there was at that time navigable; for in front of the mouth which you Greeks call, as you say, 'the pillars of Heracles,' there lay an island which was larger than Libya and Asia together; and it was possible for the travelers of that time to cross from it to the other islands, and from the islands to the whole of the continent over against them which encompasses that veritable ocean. For all that we have here, lying within the mouth of which we speak, is evidently a haven having a narrow entrance; but that yonder is a real ocean, and the land surrounding it may most rightly be called, in the fullest and truest sense, a continent. Now in this island of Atlantis there existed a confederation of kings, of great and marvelous power, which held sway over all the island, and over many other islands also and parts of the continent.The four people appearing in those two dialogues are the politicians and as well as the philosophers and, although only Critias speaks of Atlantis. In his works Plato makes extensive use of the in order to discuss contrary positions within the context of a supposition.The Timaeus begins with an introduction, followed by an account of the creations and structure of the universe and ancient civilizations.

In the introduction, Socrates muses about the perfect society, described in Plato's (c. 380 BC), and wonders if he and his guests might recollect a story which exemplifies such a society. Critias mentions a tale he considered to be historical, that would make the perfect example, and he then follows by describing Atlantis as is recorded in the Critias. In his account, ancient Athens seems to represent the 'perfect society' and Atlantis its opponent, representing the very antithesis of the 'perfect' traits described in the Republic.Critias.

Main article:According to Critias, the deities of old divided the land so that each deity might have their own lot; was appropriately, and to his liking, bequeathed the island of Atlantis. The island was larger than and combined, but it was later sunk by an earthquake and became an impassable mud shoal, inhibiting travel to any part of the ocean.

Plato asserted that the Egyptians described Atlantis as an island consisting mostly of mountains in the northern portions and along the shore and encompassing a great plain in an oblong shape in the south 'extending in one direction three thousand about 555 km; 345 mi, but across the center inland it was two thousand stadia about 370 km; 230 mi.' Fifty stadia 9 km; 6 mi from the coast was a mountain that was low on all sides.

Broke it off all round about. The central island itself was five stades in diameter about 0.92 km; 0.57 mi.In Plato's metaphorical tale, Poseidon fell in love with Cleito, the daughter of and Leucippe, who bore him five pairs of male twins. The eldest of these, was made rightful king of the entire island and the ocean (called the Atlantic Ocean in his honor), and was given the mountain of his birth and the surrounding area as his.

Atlas's twin Gadeirus, or Eumelus in Greek, was given the extremity of the island toward the pillars of Hercules. The other four pairs of twins—Ampheres and Evaemon, and Autochthon, Elasippus and Mestor, and Azaes and Diaprepes—were also given 'rule over many men, and a large territory.' Poseidon carved the mountain where his love dwelt into a palace and enclosed it with three circular of increasing width, varying from one to three stadia and separated by rings of land proportional in size. The Atlanteans then built bridges northward from the mountain, making a route to the rest of the island.

They dug a great canal to the sea, and alongside the bridges carved tunnels into the rings of rock so that ships could pass into the city around the mountain; they carved docks from the rock walls of the moats. Every passage to the city was guarded by gates and towers, and a wall surrounded each ring of the city.

The walls were constructed of red, white, and black rock, quarried from the moats, and were covered with, and the precious metal, respectively.According to Critias, 9,000 years before his lifetime a war took place between those outside the Pillars of Hercules at the and those who dwelt within them. The Atlanteans had conquered the parts of Libya within the Pillars of Hercules, as far as Egypt, and the European continent as far as, and had subjected its people to slavery. The Athenians led an alliance of resistors against the Atlantean empire, and as the alliance disintegrated, prevailed alone against the empire, liberating the occupied lands.But afterwards there occurred violent earthquakes and floods; and in a single day and night of misfortune all your warlike men in a body sank into the earth, and the island of Atlantis in like manner disappeared in the depths of the sea. For which reason the sea in those parts is impassable and impenetrable, because there is a shoal of mud in the way; and this was caused by the subsidence of the island.The wrote an earlier work entitled Atlantis, of which only a few fragments survive. Hellanicus' work appears to have been a genealogical one concerning the daughters of Atlas (Ἀτλαντὶς in Greek means 'of Atlas'), but some authors have suggested a possible connection with Plato's island. Notes that when Plato writes about the genealogy of Atlantis's kings, he writes in the same style as Hellanicus, suggesting a similarity between a fragment of Hellanicus's work and an account in the Critias.

Rodney Castleden suggests that Plato may have borrowed his title from Hellanicus, who may have based his work on an earlier work about Atlantis.Castleden has pointed out that Plato wrote of Atlantis in 359 BC, when he returned to Athens from Sicily. He notes a number of parallels between the physical organisation and fortifications of and Plato's description of Atlantis. Gunnar Rudberg was the first who elaborated upon the idea that Plato's attempt to realize his political ideas in the city of Syracuse could have heavily inspired the Atlantis account. Interpretations Ancient. Reconstruction of the (inhabited world), an ancient map based on ' description of the world, circa 450 BCSome ancient writers viewed Atlantis as fictional or metaphorical myth; others believed it to be real. Believed that Plato, his teacher, had invented the island to teach philosophy.

The philosopher, a student of Plato's student, is cited often as an example of a writer who thought the story to be historical fact. His work, a commentary on Timaeus, is lost, but, a of the fifth century AD, reports on it.

The passage in question has been represented in the modern literature either as claiming that Crantor visited Egypt, had conversations with priests, and saw hieroglyphs confirming the story, or, as claiming that he learned about them from other visitors to Egypt. Proclus wrote:As for the whole of this account of the Atlanteans, some say that it is unadorned history, such as Crantor, the first commentator on Plato.

Crantor also says that Plato's contemporaries used to criticize him jokingly for not being the inventor of his Republic but copying the institutions of the Egyptians. Plato took these critics seriously enough to assign to the Egyptians this story about the Athenians and Atlanteans, so as to make them say that the Athenians really once lived according to that system.The next sentence is often translated 'Crantor adds, that this is testified by the prophets of the Egyptians, who assert that these particulars which are narrated by Plato are written on pillars which are still preserved.' But in the original, the sentence starts not with the name Crantor but with the ambiguous He; whether this referred to Crantor or to Plato is the subject of considerable debate.

A map showing the supposed extent of the Atlantean Empire, from 's Atlantis: the Antediluvian World, 1882 ModernAside from Plato's original account, modern interpretations regarding Atlantis are an amalgamation of diverse, speculative movements that began in the sixteenth century, when scholars began to identify Atlantis with the. Was the first to state that Plato was referring to America, as did and; Janus Joannes Bircherod said in 1663 orbe novo non novo ('the New World is not new'). Accepted Plato's account as literally true, describing Atlantis as a small continent in the Atlantic Ocean.Contemporary perceptions of Atlantis share roots with, which can be traced to the beginning of the, when European imaginations were fueled by their initial encounters with the indigenous peoples of the Americas. From this era sprang and visions that would inspire many subsequent generations of theorists.Most of these interpretations are considered, or, as they have presented their works as or, but lack the standards or criteria.The Flemish cartographer and geographer is believed to have been the first person to imagine that the continents were joined together before to their present positions. In the 1596 edition of his Thesaurus Geographicus he wrote: 'Unless it be a fable, the island of Gadir or Gades will be the remaining part of the island of Atlantis or America, which was not sunk (as Plato reports in the Timaeus) so much as torn away from Europe and Africa by earthquakes and flood. The traces of the ruptures are shown by the projections of Europe and Africa and the indentations of America in the parts of the coasts of these three said lands that face each other to anyone who, using a map of the world, carefully considered them. So that anyone may say with in Book 2, that what Plato says of the island of Atlantis on the authority of Solon is not a figment.'

Atlantis pseudohistory Early influential literatureThe term ' (from 'no place') was coined by in his sixteenth-century work of. Inspired by 's Atlantis and travelers' accounts of the, More described an imaginary land set in the. His idealistic vision established a connection between the Americas and utopian societies, a theme that Bacon discussed in (c. A character in the narrative gives a history of Atlantis that is similar to Plato's and places Atlantis in America.

People had begun believing that the and ruins could possibly be the remnants of Atlantis. Impact of MayanismMuch speculation began as to the origins of the, which led to a variety of narratives and publications that tried to rationalize the discoveries within the context of the and that had undertones of in their connections between the Old and New World.

The believed the to be inferior and incapable of building that which was now in ruins and by sharing a common history, they insinuate that another race must have been responsible.In the middle and late nineteenth century, several renowned scholars, starting with, and including and, formally proposed that Atlantis was somehow related to Mayan and culture.The French scholar Brasseur de Bourbourg traveled extensively through Mesoamerica in the mid-1800s, and was renowned for his translations of texts, most notably the sacred book, as well as a comprehensive history of the region. Soon after these publications, however, Brasseur de Bourbourg lost his academic credibility, due to his claim that the had descended from the, people he believed were the surviving population of the racially superior civilization of Atlantis. His work combined with the skillful, romantic illustrations of, which visually alluded to and other aspects of the, created an authoritative that excited much interest in the connections between worlds.Inspired by Brasseur de Bourbourg's diffusion theories, the pseudoarchaeologist Augustus Le Plongeon traveled to Mesoamerica and performed some of the first of many famous Mayan ruins. Le Plongeon invented narratives, such as the kingdom of saga, which romantically drew connections to him, his wife Alice, and deities and, as well as to, who had just discovered the ancient city of from 's (that had been described as merely mythical). He also believed that he had found connections between the and, which produced a of the destruction of Atlantis.

Ignatius DonnellyThe 1882 publication of by stimulated much popular interest in Atlantis. He was greatly inspired by early works in, and like them, attempted to establish that all known were descended from Atlantis, which he saw as a technologically sophisticated, more advanced.

Donnelly drew parallels between creation stories in the Old and New Worlds, attributing the connections to Atlantis, where he believed the Biblical existed. As implied by the title of his book, he also believed that Atlantis was destroyed by the mentioned in the Bible.Donnelly is credited as the 'father of the nineteenth century Atlantis revival' and is the reason the endures today. He unintentionally promoted an alternative method of inquiry to history and science, and the idea that myths contain hidden information that opens them to 'ingenious' interpretation by people who believe they have new or special insight. Madame Blavatsky and the Theosophists. Map of Atlantis according to ( The Story of Atlantis, Russian edition, 1910)The Russian mystic and her partner founded their in the 1870s with a philosophy that combined western and religious concepts. Blavatsky and her followers in this group are often cited as the founders of and other spiritual movements.Blavatsky took up 's interpretations when she wrote (1888), which she claimed was originally dictated in Atlantis.

She maintained that the Atlanteans were cultural heroes (contrary to, who describes them mainly as a military threat). She believed in a form of racial (as opposed to primate evolution), in which the Atlanteans were the fourth ', succeeded by the fifth and most superior ' (the modern human race). The believed that the civilization of Atlantis reached its peak between 1,000,000 and 900,000 years ago, but destroyed itself through internal brought about by the dangerous use of and powers of the inhabitants., the founder of and, along with other well known Theosophists, such as, also wrote of evolution in much the same vein.Some subsequent occultists have followed Blavatsky, at least to the point of tracing the lineage of occult practices back to Atlantis. Among the most famous is in her Esoteric Orders and Their Work. Nazism and occultism.

See also:was also inspired by the work of the eighteenth-century, who had 'Orientalized' the Atlantis in his mythical continent of, a reference to featuring a Northern European region of the same name, home to a giant, godlike race. Dan Edelstein claims that her reshaping of this theory in provided the with a mythological precedent and a pretext for their ideological platform. However, Blavatsky's writings mention that the Atlantean were in fact olive-skinned peoples with Mongoloid traits who were the ancestors of modern, and.' S writing in 1934 also suggested that the Atlanteans were, supermen who originated at the North Pole (see ). Similarly, (in, 1930) spoke of a 'Nordic-Atlantean' or 'Aryan-Nordic' master race. This idea would contradict the beliefs of several Esoteric and Theosophic groups that, on the contrary, thought that the Atlanteans were non-Caucasian brown-skinned peoples.

Also some Esoteric groups, including the Theosophic Society, do not consider Atlantean society to have been superior or Utopian—they rather consider it a lower stage of evolution. Edgar Caycewas a man from humble upbringings in who allegedly possessed abilities, which were performed from a trance-like state. In addition to allegedly healing the sick from this state, he also spoke frequently on the topic of Atlantis. In his 'life readings,' he purportedly revealed that many of his subjects were of people who had lived on Atlantis. By tapping into their, the ' (a term borrowed from ), he declared that he was able to give detailed descriptions of the lost continent.

He also asserted that Atlantis would 'rise' again in the 1960s (sparking much popularity of the myth in that decade) and that there is a ' beneath the, which holds the historical texts of Atlantis.Recent timesAs became widely accepted during the 1960s, and the increased understanding of demonstrated the impossibility of a lost continent in the geologically recent past, most 'Lost Continent' theories of Atlantis began to wane in popularity.Plato scholar, of Philosophy at the, had this to say on the matter:The continuing industry of discovering Atlantis illustrates the dangers of reading Plato. For he is clearly using what has become a standard device of fiction—stressing the historicity of an event (and the discovery of hitherto unknown authorities) as an indication that what follows is fiction.

The idea is that we should use the story to examine our ideas of government and power. We have missed the point if instead of thinking about these issues we go off exploring the sea bed.

The continuing misunderstanding of Plato as historian here enables us to see why his distrust of imaginative writing is sometimes justified.One of the proposed explanations for the historical context of the Atlantis story is a warning of Plato to his contemporary fourth-century fellow-citizens against their striving for naval power.points out that Critias's story in the Timaeus provides a major clue. In the dialogue, Critias says, referring to Socrates' hypothetical society:And when you were speaking yesterday about your city and citizens, the tale which I have just been repeating to you came into my mind, and I remarked with astonishment how, by some mysterious coincidence, you agreed in almost every particular with the narrative of Solon.Feder quotes A. Taylor, who wrote, 'We could not be told much more plainly that the whole narrative of Solon's conversation with the priests and his intention of writing the poem about Atlantis are an invention of Plato's fancy.' Location hypotheses. Satellite image of the islands of. From the event, and the 1964 discovery of on the island, this location is one of many sites purported to have been the location of Atlantis.

In or near the Mediterranean SeaMost of the historically proposed locations are in or near the Mediterranean Sea: islands such as, (Thera), Sicily, Cyprus, and; land-based cities or states such as, and Tantalis (in the province of, ); - or; and northwestern Africa.The, dated to the seventeenth or sixteenth century BC, caused a large that some experts hypothesize devastated the on the nearby island of Crete, further leading some to believe that this may have been the catastrophe that inspired the story. In the area of the the following locations have been proposed: and (a legendary place near ).Others have noted that, before the sixth century BC, the mountains on either side of the were called the 'Pillars of Hercules', and they could be the geographical location being described in ancient reports upon which Plato was basing his story. The mountains stood at either side of the southernmost gulf in Greece, the largest in the, and that gulf opens onto the Mediterranean Sea. If from the beginning of discussions, misinterpretation of Gibraltar as the location rather than being at the Gulf of Laconia, would lend itself to many erroneous concepts regarding the location of Atlantis. Plato may have not been aware of the difference. The Laconian pillars open to the south toward Crete and beyond which is Egypt. The and the affected that area and might have been the devastation to which the sources used by Plato referred.

Atlantis Bahamas Address

Significant events such as these would have been likely material for tales passed from one generation to another for almost a thousand years.In the Atlantic OceanThe location of Atlantis in the Atlantic Ocean has a certain appeal given the closely related names. Popular culture often places Atlantis there, perpetuating the original Platonic setting as they understand it. The and have been identified as a possible location, west of the Straits of Gibraltar, but in relative proximity to the Mediterranean Sea.

Detailed studies of their geomorphology and geology have demonstrated, however, that they have been steadily uplifted, without any significant periods of subsidence, over the last four million years, by geologic processes such as erosional unloading, gravitational unloading, lithospheric flexure induced by adjacent islands, and volcanic underplating. Various islands or island groups in the Atlantic were also identified as possible locations, notably the. Similarly, cores of sediment covering the ocean bottom surrounding the Azores and other evidence demonstrate that it has been an undersea plateau for millions of years. The submerged island of near the Strait of Gibraltar has also been suggested. Leon Bakst's vision of cosmic catastrophePaintings of the submersion of Atlantis are comparatively rare. In the seventeenth century there was 's The Fall of Atlantis, which shows a tidal wave surging toward a Baroque city frontage.

The style of architecture apart, it is not very different from 's The Last of Atlantis of 1928.The most dramatic depiction of the catastrophe was 's Ancient Terror ( Terror Antiquus, 1908), although it does not name Atlantis directly. It is a mountain-top view of a rocky bay breached by the sea, which is washing inland about the tall structures of an ancient city. A streak of lightning crosses the upper half of the painting, while below it rises the impassive figure of an enigmatic goddess who holds a blue dove between her breasts. Identified the subject as Atlantis in a public lecture on the painting given in 1909, the year it was first exhibited, and he has been followed by other commentators in the years since.Sculptures referencing Atlantis have often been stylized single figures. One of the earliest was 's The King of Atlantis (1919–1922), now in the garden of his museum in. It represents a single figure, clad in a belted skirt and wearing a large triangular helmet, who sits on an ornate throne supported between two young bulls.

The walking female entitled Atlantis (1946) by was from a series inspired by ancient Greek figures with the symbolical meaning of unjustified suffering.In the case of the fountain feature known as The Man of Atlantis (2003) by the Belgian sculptor , the 4-metre tall figure wearing a diving suit steps from a plinth into the spray. It looks light-hearted but the artist's comment on it makes a serious point: 'Because habitable land will be scarce, it is no longer improbable that we will return to the water in the long term. As a result, a portion of the population will mutate into fish-like creatures. Global warming and rising water levels are practical problems for the world in general and here in the Netherlands in particular'.' S Hypothetical Continent (Map of broken clear glass, Atlantis) was first created as a photographical project on in 1969, and then recreated as a gallery installation of broken glass.

On this he commented that he liked 'landscapes that suggest prehistory', and this is borne out by the original conceptual drawing of the work that includes an inset map of the continent sited off the coast of Africa and at the straits into the Mediterranean. Ancient sources., translated by at; with commentary. Plato, translated by Benjamin Jowett at; with commentary.Modern sources. Calvo, T., ed. Interpreting the Timaeus-Critias, Proceedings of the IV. Symposium Platonicum in Granada September 1995.

Augustin. Castleden, Rodney (2001). Club penguin. Atlantis Destroyed. London: Routledge.

Forsyth, P. Atlantis: The Making of Myth. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. Gill, C. Plato, The Atlantis Story: Timaeus 17-27 Critias. Bristol Classical Press. Jordan, P.

The Atlantis Syndrome. Stroud: Sutton Publishing. Ramage, E. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. (2007). The Atlantis Story: A Short History of Plato's Myth. Exeter: University of Exeter Press.