From Rationalism To Existentialism Pdf Converter
A collective designation for the architectural schools of the first half of the 20th century that made use of the achievements of modern science and technology. In the broad sense, rationalism in architecture is sometimes equated with the concept of modern architecture, as represented by the work of L.
Sullivan in the United States, H. Berlage in the Netherlands, A.
Loos in Austria, the masters of the Deutscher Werkbund in Germany, and A. Perret in France.The establishment of rationalism in the early 1920’s was largely promoted by the theories propagated by the circle of architects associated with the journal L’Esprit nouveau. The movement’s leaders were Le Corbusier in France and W. Gro-pius of the Bauhaus school of architecture in Germany.Rationalism flourished essentially from the 1920’s through the 1950’s. In 1928 its supporters organized the International Congress for Modern Architecture, which met until 1959.
Rationalist ideas concerning urban planning were set forth in 1933 in the Athens Charter. In the 1950’s the general architectural principles of rationalism led to the creation of the international style, represented by the work of L.
Mies van der Rohe and many others. The dogmatic architectural ideas and the social-reformist utopianism of the proponents of rationalism led to a crisis in the movement by the late 1950’s.The Russian architects of Asnova (Association of New Architects), including N. Ladovskii and K. Mel’nikov, proclaimed themselves to be rationalists. They emphasized psychological and physiological factors in the appreciation of architectural form and sought rational principles in the visual aspect of architecture. A philosophical school that considers reason to be the foundation of human understanding and behavior. Rationalism is the opposite of fideism, irrationalism, and sensationalism (empiricism).
The term “rationalism” has been used to designate and characterize philosophical concepts since the 19th century, but historically the rationalist tradition originated in ancient Greek philosophy. For example, Parmenides, who distinguished between the knowledge of truth (obtained through reason) and the knowledge of opinion (obtained through sensory perception), considered reason to be the criterion of truth.Rationalism took shape in modern times as an integral system of epistemological views, as a result of the development of mathematics and the natural sciences. In contrast to medieval Scholasticism and religious dogmatism, the classical rationalism of the 17th and 18th centuries (Descartes, Spinoza, Male-branche, and Leibniz) was based on the idea of natural order—an infinite chain of causality pervading the world. Thus, the principles of rationalism were accepted by both materialists (Spinoza) and idealists (Leibniz), although the character of rationalism differed in the two philosophical trends, depending on how the question of the origin of knowledge was resolved.The rationalism of the 17th and 18th centuries, which asserted the decisive role of reason in both human cognition and human activity, was one of the philosophical sources of the ideology of the Enlightenment. The cult of reason was also characteristic of the 18th-century French materialists, who adopted a philosophical position of materialistic sensationalism and criticized the speculative constructs of rationalism.Seeking to substantiate the absolute reliability of the principles of science and the tenets of mathematics and the natural sciences, rationalism attempted to explain how knowledge obtained through human cognitive activity could be objective, universal, and necessary. Unlike sensationalism, rationalism maintained that scientific knowledge, which possesses these logical properties, could be attained through reason, which served as the source of knowledge and as the criterion of truth.
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First posted in and learned this is the place for questions. So here comes:I'd be grateful of your thoughts and hints towardsphilosophers/thinkers who said something about this.I see myself as both a rationalist and and existentialist on some level. I have a secular, non-transcendent world view, and I am cherishing my subjective experience by still living, and caring about moral, even though I don't believe there is an essence of good or bad. By that, I am basically admitting that I don't act upon 'ratio'.
Still I see myself as a rationalist because I don't try to smooth out this cognitive dissonance between my objective understanding and my subjective acting. I might make decisions which are influenced by my imaginations of good or bad, yet I am not trying at any point to claim that there is sth like an essential good or bad. So my world view and how I behave are not the same on some level.E. Part of me recognizes that some unconscious part of my brain will never accept that there is no such thing as a free will, and that's okay with me.
Even though I am aware of this subjective part of me, I still don't believe in free will on an objective level.I have and orthodox Christian friend who claims that I can't be authentic being an atheist, and that I can't be existentialist because I let huge parts of my world view be guided by science. I want to be accepting towards his believes, but at the same time I can't help feeling that I couldn't be true to myself and be authentic as the person I am by trying to smooth out the gap between ratio and feelings. His solution to the problem of objectivity versus subjectivity is that there basically is no absolute objectivity (on which I totally agree), but therefore, he depletes even the try to be objective all over.And this is where I say that it makes a huge difference if you just 'choose' what to believe and close your eyes before evidence opposing your own believes, or if you are interested in being as objective as possible if you will. I think if I would just 'believe what I want' on that level, I would be deeply unhappy with my life. I am a curious person, I admire and love science, and I am interested to challenge my own subjective experience through objective evidence. Stil, no objective truth could ever shake my decision to act authentic, which is, upon my subjective feelings, which desire to be 'good' and act morally.I can only say that my secular, humanist world view is the very most authentic I have ever been.
I hope I made my own point of view understandable.What do you think? Did I misunderstand one of those both terms (existentialism or rationalism)?
Is there anyone else who has a similar mindset as I have?Thanks for your time. No, I don't think they necessarily oppose each other. Of course, this depends on the operating versions of existentialism and rationalism.Let's go with Google's definitions for now.Rationalism - 'a belief or theory that opinions and actions should be based on reason and knowledge rather than on religious belief or emotional response.' Existentialism - 'a philosophical theory or approach that emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will.' With these two, I'd say that Existentialism needs Rationalism much more than they oppose each other. To determine their development freely and be responsibly, agents must have some reason and knowledge.
If someone was developing purely through emotion, it is hardly an 'act of will' one is responsible for. With religion the act of will could be 'the belief' in the religion, but the development would happen by law of the religion rather than the will of the agent.And yes, I have a similar mindset. Keep reading. Keep learning. Keep trying to 'figure' it out. Thanks for your positive response!
I agree with your reasoning.With these two, I'd say that Existentialism needs Rationalism much more than they oppose each other. To determine their development freely and be responsibly, agents must have some reason and knowledge.I find this part especially important. When it comes to arguing for or against specific political points of view, I see it even as my moral duty to investigate whether or not my subjective feelings or believes are confirmed by science.
So for example when I am against immigration into my country because I have the subjective perception that immigrants are more likely to commit crime- it would be reasonable and responsible of me to look for scientific proves for that opinion.I find that this is the part where my religious friend's reasoning is a little bit weak so to say- he says that his subjective feelings are not shakable by science and he sees it as a shortcut of his authenticity to look into science 'all to hard'- at least this is how I understand him.And I'll definitely keep up with philosophy. I'm just starting digging into it.:).
To be fair to religious people, usually there is still reasoning involved when taking willful actions that follow their religion.And there are some things believers and skeptics will ultimately reach a stalemate on. Science, (experimentation and theories on observable evidence), will never be able to explain something that cannot be tested. One can choose to have faith or remain skeptical. When it comes to things like 'what's the meaning of life' and 'why are we here', questions that fall under existentialism, I think faith can still be a valid rational tool. If there's no way to figure out those answers, faith can be a 'shortcut' through the struggle of proving that there is no way to figure out those answers. If the answer is to find your own meaning, then choosing to have faith a form of finding meaning.The problem comes with intolerant forms of religion. Those that say faith is the only way to live, and that people are not allowed to find meaning because they must have faith in the meaning that has been assigned to them.
Those that strike down all who would challenge the institution, even with reasonable evidence.Science is about testing theories, not just proving opinions. The reasonable and responsible approach is to test opinions with an open mind and accept the theories that have evidence to support them and reject theories where evidence disproves them.
(Hopefully that's what you meant). I don't understand what you mean by rationalism. At one point you say it consists of 'acting upon ratio' but that's not even grammatically coherent.At one point you suggest it consists of denying the existence of free will, but that seems very odd to me. Certainly no philosophical definition of 'rationalism' has ever held that it is the same thing as denying free will.
Most philosophical rationalists throughout history have believed in free will.At another point you suggest it consists of letting huge parts of your world view be 'guided by science.' If by 'huge parts of your world view' you mean 'the parts that science investigates,' then I suppose 'rationalist' might just mean 'not an idiot,' because to the extent that anyone guides their life by science, I guess this typically means just trusting doctors when they say vaccines work or engineers when they say airplanes work, and it would be foolish not to do these sorts of things. If by 'huge parts of your world view' you mean 'even stuff that science doesn't investigate,' then I am not sure how one would guide those parts of one's life by science, so I'm still confused.So, I don't really know what you mean by 'rationalist.' This makes it hard/impossible to answer your question absent further information. Hey.:)I did think through this stuff and I felt that I had understood existentialism and rationalism pretty well.
Existentialism In Literature
The reason I started this thread was that I encountered a person who seriously claimed you can't be 'authentic' while at the same time being a rationalist. I didn't see it that way and found his point of view rather incromprehensible- but maybe it was just me getting things wrong? That's why I wanted to get some further input.I didn't mean to say that rationalism necessary leads to determinism. I only stated my opinion on free will and how I deal with this opinion to give an example of how I see myself being authentic in an existentialist way.P.
Existentialism Art
Sorry if my English is kind of crappy. It's not my mother tongue. As far as I know there are different 'sub-species' of rationalism- there are existentialist thinkers who are agnostic(=absurd?), religious, atheistic and nihilistic. So seeing the world as a hostile place probably wouldn't apply to all of them.Hm- in a way it would make sense if existentialism evolved as a reaction to rationalism. The imperative to 'be rational'- as which I understand rationalism right now- might be noble- but it is ignorant in a way. So you could say existentialists are reminding us that we can't reach that ideal of rationalism completely, and they shift the focus from being rational to being authentic.I think those two can perfectly balance each other- like I personally don't believe in free will intellectually (which would be me trying to follow rationalistic ideal) but at the same time, believing in determinism doesn't really tear me down- because on a more unconscious level some part of me will never believe I'm predisposed.
From Rationalism To Existentialism Pdf Converter 1
And I don't try to change my subjective feeling, in that way, I cherish my own subjectivity, and am authentic.
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